The character, made famous, or infamous, by actor Larry Hagman (whose mother, Mary Martin, played the title role in the original Broadway production of Peter Pan), hot-wired a ratings bonanza that introduced the world to the hole in the roof. John later went to Yale but quit to join the Army Air Corps when World War II broke out. Despite sporting radically different personalities, the two agreed to co-own the Cowboys via their partnership, with each owning half of the 90% of total ownership. Ms. Wolfe's book adds a lot of detail and backstory to the Murchison dynasty. The next generations playing out this lunatic antagonism between the Cowboys and the Redskins more than 30 years after it began without the faintest idea how it started. This went on for five minutes a night, five nights a week on Channel 4. This leadership genius produced remarkable results externally and of equal importance maintained this unique, special culture internally. In 1952, Murchison joined a syndicate that included Everette Lee DeGolyer and Jack Crichton, both of Dallas, to use connections in the government of General Francisco Franco to obtain drilling rights in Spain. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Because the risk-taking pair won far more than they lost, they stayed afloat. A three-story mansion in San Antonio's Monte Vista Historic District once owned by powerful oilman Clint Murchison has hit the market for $1.5 million.
Radio Nord broadcast in Swedish for 16 months, between March 8, 1961 and June 30, 1962. Even so, the Arkansas oilman deserves 100% of the business chops he gets. The plan was to turn the chickens loose when the dogsled hit the field. It was, however, a natural fit for Clint Jr., who for the first and only time in his life was surrounded by people whose intelligence mirrored his. He believed his team would be good, even special, for years to come. As we show you later, the city of Dallas twice rejected Americas Team, failing to cut a deal that forced the 21st-century Cowboys to look elsewhere for a new home, which turned out to be Arlington. In telling you the story, we will show you how it serves as history, comedy and tragedy, but most of all, as a rollicking read, every bit as fascinating as a Texas character named Clint Murchison Jr., the creator of your Dallas Cowboys, who fostered their own rare world beneath the hole in the roof that seized the attention of terrorists and sports fans alike. [4] Over the years the suites increased in value including one trading hands for a million dollars. [9] Murchison's Cowboys, featuring likable players and a winning tradition, paved the way for a new Dallas image. As a loyal Dallas Cowboys fan, he can recite the stats on everybody from Troy Aikman towell, youll have to ask him. Murchison fought a rare nerve disease called olivopontocerebellar atrophy[4] and was in a wheelchair in his final years. He said it interfered with concentration. The brothers won. Editors note: This excerpt from Hole in the Roof: The Dallas Cowboys, Clint Murchison Jr., and the Stadium That Changed American Sports Forever, by Burk Murchison and News staff writer Michael Granberry, is reprinted with permission from Texas A&M University Press. Also surviving are several grandchildren. She died in 1926, leaving him to raise three small sons John, Clint Jr. and Burk, who died from pneumonia when he was 11. . TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. The Dallas Historical Society will welcome authors Burk Murchison and Michael Granberry for a book signing on Dec. 8 at 6:30 p.m. at the Hall of State, 3939 Grand Ave. in Fair Park, as they debut their book Hole in the Roof: The Dallas Cowboys, Clint Murchison Jr., and the Stadium That Changed American Sports Forever. Then, with his sons by his side, Murchison broadened his business holdings. [4] Better seats required the purchase of multiple bonds with the best seats requiring the purchase of four bonds for a total of $1,000. Watch what they do to Buffalo. No pain, no gain. Few really adjust, some commit suicide.
Does the Creator of the Cowboys Really Belong in the Hall of Fame? Clint Murchison: Craziest Dallas Cowboys Owner Ever - The Landry Hat From custody battles to death, as with Shannon Murchison, once married to Clint Murchison, III, son of the founder of the Dallas Cowboys. He was also the father of Dallas Cowboys owner Clint Murchison, Jr.. They will shut off their outside receivers. He got two technicals and lost the kids a close game the other night. His loyalty has spanned all three eras, from Clint Murchison to Bum Bright to Jerry Jones. He was a wide receiver for the Cowboys, and then he wrote North Dallas Forty. Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. [4], Murchison enjoyed a reputation as a practical joker. Despite Mr. Murchison's financial problems and failing health, friends and business acquaintances said he remained a cheerful and optimistic man. Owning islands and football teams and how it can all end; Clint Jr owning the World Champion Dallas Cowboys and having $4000.00 in the bank when he filed for bankruptcy. He said he hoped to buy a twin-engine, six-passenger crop duster on which he could add a large fuel tank. Tom didnt like the idea of off-the-field jobs, let alone TV product endorsements. It was a pleasure to read. If that name sounds familiar, it may be. Theres a bar room with a hidden basement or wine cellar below, and a third-level game room, according to details provided by the agent. Reviewed in the United States on February 3, 2010. Its the least I can do. How Lamar Hunt and Clint Murchison Jr. cooked up the first Super Bowl. They look at guys like me as really old and not very relevant to the world. He believed his team would be good, even special, for years to come. It represented an alliance of the founders sons, older brother John and younger brother Clint. In case youre wondering, Katy taxpayers paid for most of it. When he got to Wichita Falls, he yanked his buddy out of a poker game. Anyone can read what you share. They were the first expansion team to challenge for the championship, and when they lost two years in a row they last dramatically and heroicallyBut haw glorious to lose, and how poignant to keep the conviction in the hearts of Cowboys fans that their team was the best, as inly time would tell. Next Years Champions, the Story of the Dallas Cowboys, by Steve Perkins, 1969 MY 16-YEAR-OLD SON, CARTER, HAS been a Cowboys fan for years. [10], Incorporating a host of first-ever innovations, Murchison became known as the godfather of modern stadium construction. Photo Courtesy, Fort Worth Star-Telegram Collection, Special Collections, The University of Texas at Arlington Libraries, Arlington, Texas. Well, thats what Landry did, 1 point out. They cant even figure out how guys like me ever got to be 50. Trying to tear off his red Bobby Knight sweater to throw it on the floor, he got it caught around his neck, nearly strangling himself. Reeves came back to the huddle after carrying the ball. Reviewed in the United States on December 26, 2017, Reviewed in the United States on June 14, 2009. After John Murchison's death in 1979, a legal dispute over his estate led to the sale of the Cowboys to H. R. Bright, a Dallas businessman, for $60 million in 1984. Theyve got free agency, and theyre going to live and play in the NFL forever. Fascinating. Wolfe gives a colorful description of a quiet, unpretentious man whose financial acumen and brilliant use of leverage helped him build a multimillion-dollar conglomerate. Clint Murchison Sr. erupted from East Texas during the rough-and-tumble years of oil drilling in the 1930s, and spent his life "doing deals." Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. Cheerful and Optimistic. Murchison suggested hiring Landry away from his job as a defensive coach with the New York Giants. Their inherited interests included the Daisy Manufacturing Company (manufacturing a BB gun); Field and Stream magazine; Heddon Rod & Reel; Henry Holt and Company (later known as Holt, Rinehart, and Winston); Delhi Oil; Kirby Petroleum and a marine construction company known as Tecon Corporation. Reviewed in the United States on September 26, 2002, This book proved to be a very good read.You are shown how the, Reviewed in the United States on February 9, 2007. [14] In February 1985, he had to file for personal bankruptcy protection after three creditors, the Toronto-Dominion Bank, the Kona-Post Corporation and Citicorp, filed a petition to force him into bankruptcy. Clint, Jr.s' s son Burk Murchison and Dallas Morning News writer Michael Granberry ("Hole in the Roof: The Dallas Cowboys, Clint Murchison Jr., and the Stadium That Changed American Sports Forever") join the podcast this week to help us delve into the history and mythology of Texas Stadium - the Cowboys' groundbreaking suburban Irving, TX home . The Jonsson-Cullum forces adamantly and repeatedly said no, ridiculing the notion as civic silliness. Even the staid Cullens found. Reviewed in the United States on August 4, 2017.
Clint Murchison | Assassination of John F. Kennedy | Fandom By the end of June 2021, Texas had seen almost 3 million cases of COVID-19 and more than 52,000 deaths putting it third in the nation, trailing only California and New York in deaths and only California in cases. The huskies would go after the chickens and that would be the best halftime show ever. Mary Grace Granados, Special Contributor. He has switched to Black Entertainment Television and Ice Cube is rapping Givin Up The Nappy Dug Out. In other words, as Cowboys fixtures, they lasted even longer than Clint. Follow Mary Grace Granados on Instagram, go to our luxury real estate page or subscribe to our free weekly newsletter. He doesnt want to hear it any more. After several unsuccessful opportunities to buy existing franchises, including the San Francisco 49ers and Washington Redskins, Murchison was awarded an NFL expansion franchise that would begin play in the 1960 season. The university offered to reinstate him if he would rat out his fellow gamblers he refused. The players are rich, young, immortal. John was nothing like his father, whereas Clint was everything like his dad a gambler, a risk-taker extraordinaire. In that respect, Clint Sr. and Jr. resembled a more modern billionaire: current Cowboys owner Jerral Wayne Jerry Jones. By leaving most football matters in the hands of operations staff, Murchison did not create an atmosphere of second guessing and arguments over player selection or credit for the team's success. Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. it suddenly became clear to me how much time has passed. Clinton Williams Murchison Jr. (September 12, 1923 - March 30, 1987) was a businessman and founder of the Dallas Cowboys football team. He loved to spend an evening at the home of a professor, or a fellow graduate student, where the conversation about mathematical or scientific theory lasted well into the morning hours.. I would love to take one percent credit for Landry, Schramm said, but I can't. He received a master's degree in mathematics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He couldnt believe this guy in a beard and hip huggers and love beads had somehow gotten onto the Cotton Bowl sidelines and into our locker room. MARY LEVY, HEAD COACH of the Buffalo Bills, will tell you that the greatest football player he ever coached was Don Perkins at New Mexico in the late 50s. The elder Murchison died in 1969, almost a decade into Clint Jr.s Cowboys experiment, which his father only reluctantly supported, despite the fact that, by the time Clint Sr. died, the Cowboys were a sports-world juggernaut. Its probably not healthy to take it all so seriously. Reviewed in the United States on April 15, 2015. His loan was denied. Clint Murchison's Special Magic was to allow cognitive dissonance to exist and flourish in order to establish and maintain the Cowboy's unique culture for more than 25 years. The biography tells the riveting story of Burl's unlikely rise from the coal mines of Appalachia to the pinnacle of journalism - a remarkable feat made more so by his ongoing battle with kidney disease.
Clint Murchison, Jr. | Military Wiki | Fandom Its cast of supporting actors included silent brother John. As with all great stories, ours has a beginning, a middle and an end. You cant talk to them about pensions and health insurance and how bad youre gonna feel every morning. As Robert Murchison, Clint Jr.s youngest of four children, notes, Their brother Burk, Dads best friend, died when John was 13 and Dad, 12. Clint Jr. and John, Robert adds, could not have been more different.
How the Dallas Cowboys Were Born in 1960 Clint was the first American sports owner to see the stadium as the primary source of revenue, even more so than television. But if you pile it up in one place, it stinks like hell., According to Fortune, Clint Sr. declares one of his best assets is a full knowledge of the use of credit. His is an exciting journey during the golden age of journalism, and his biography will be required reading for journalism and medical students alike. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Texas Stadium and its hole in the roof would not have existed had it not been for the Cowboys founder, Clint Murchison Jr. His father, Clint Murchison Sr., was one of the most iconic names in the history of Texas oil, the world that gave rise to J.R. Ewing. And what a world it was. And, right now, in the euphoric afterglow of victory that has to be covering the Metroplex like a constant fog, it would be difficult to find fault with two guys from Arkansas. In 1966, when the still-young Dallas Cowboys franchise ended six years of agony with their first winning season, the team's owner and founder, Clint Murchison Jr., son of a billionaire oilman, was feeling ambitious. Who knew that this family had so much to do with what we now know and love as Texas?! : Carter and the latest version of the Cowboys have a lot in common. I just didnt like the way they treated peo-ple. They may not go five times, but theyll win all they go to. Carter flips back to MTV. Theres also guest quarters, complete with a bedroom, living room and kitchen, and an attached five-car garage. Clinton Williams Murchison, Sr. (April 11, 1895 - 20 June 1969), was a noted Texas-based oil magnate and political operative.
Now, they would pee on an electric fence to get Kenny to sing the national anthem. In 1966, when the still-young Dallas Cowboys franchise ended six years of agony with their first winning season, the team's owner and founder, Clint Murchison Jr., son of a billionaire oilman, was feeling ambitious. Cowboy, Clint said again and smiled slightly. . The home has seven bedrooms, seven bathrooms and two half-bathrooms and has been renovated,. Mr. Murchison, whose fortune reached an estimated $250 million in 1984, according to Forbes magazine, was recently beset with financial difficulties brought on by the collapse of the real estate market and global oil prices. It may come as news to anyone who played for the Cowboys after the mid-70s and to all the fans, but the Redskins/Cowboys rivalry didnt start on the field or even between the players. Over the next 20 years I wrote three more novels, several screenplays, dozens of newspaper and magazine articles and saw my screenplay of North Dallas Forty made into a major motion picture starring Nick Nolte. I made $ 11.000, arid my rent was $ 180 a month for a furnished one-bedroom. He formed Southern Union Gas Company. And yet, his wealth continued to grow. Clinton Williams "Clint" Murchison Sr. (April 11, 1895 - June 20, 1969) [1] was a noted Texas -based oil magnate and political operative. Michael Granberry, Arts Writer. Lawyers involved in the case called it one of the largest personal bankruptcy cases in United States history.[2]. We went 4 and 10, and it was the Cowboys last losing season for the next 20 years. The Big Rich: The Rise and Fall of the Greatest Texas Oil Fortunes, The Wolfberry Chronicle: And Other Permian Basin Tales From The Henry Oil Company. Eventually, skyrocketing interest rates and plummeting oil and real estate prices led him to one of the largest personal bankruptcies in history. It sits on 2.87 acres and is listed for $7.5 million. The kitchen features Carrera marble, two countertop islands, a dumbwaiter and countertop seating. Unable to strike a bargain with the City of Dallas, he elected to build a new stadium in Irving, Texas. His sons Clint Jr. and John shared their father's wizardry, adding to their investment firmament the Vail, Colo., ski resort and the Dallas Cowboys. Murchison had two brothers, John D. Murchison (19211979) and Burk Murchison (19251936), who died at age ten from a childhood disease. It is a perfect example of the generation gap between my son and me-the old Cowboys and the new Cowboys. He also longed for a symbol of redemption a state-of-the-art stadium that could go a long way toward restoring a depressed downtown in the wake of President John F. Kennedys assassination on Elm Street in Dallas in 1963. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, Stand with us in our mission to discover and uncover the story of North Texas, Take a look at a seven-bedroom home that dates back to the 1930s with an impressive Dallas legacy, Feast your eyes on a beautifully preserved 1920s Spanish-style home in Highland Park, American Airlines, flight attendants file for mediation during contract negotiations, Years after North Texas bid for Amazons second headquarters, retail giant halts plan, New Uptown office tower lands second major lease, Mesquite to become the site of new 2,500-home community, Its not like 2009: No signs yet of D-FWs expected apartment building slowdown, 12 Dallas-Fort Worth restaurants that have closed in 2023, Funky wine bar Postino has closed in Dallas, Mark Wahlberg pours tequila for fans at Dallas restaurant during thunderstorm, SMU grad Jack Knox donates $11 million to universitys big capital campaign, Look inside Red Phone Booth, the new speakeasy in The Colony, Woman arrested in killing of 3 children at Italy, Texas, home in Ellis County, The Cowboys are closer than you think to a total makeover at running back, What we know after 3 children killed, 2 wounded at Ellis County home, How a Texas districts reaction to school shooting fears highlights discipline concerns, 3 children killed, 2 wounded at Ellis County home; suspect in custody, Ross Perot Jr.s Hillwood buys California NASCAR track for $559 million, Chambelanes cambian de look: bailarines se adaptan a una nueva moda y ritmo en DFW, Dallas Cowboys to place second-round tender on RT Terence Steele, Ex-Cowboys OC Kellen Moore opens up on Dallas departure, shows gratitude for Mike McCarthy. : By some accounts, John was responsible for a conservative viewpoint that helped hold in check the ''wheeler-dealer'' nature of his elder brother. Just one story in the folklore is how one night, Clint Sr. drove to Wichita Falls, near the Oklahoma border, fueled by a rumor hed heard about a wildcat well ready to start pumping black gold. They began doing business as the Murchison Brothers in the late 1940s from an office in Dallas, Texas. Theyll never get old. He was also the father of Dallas Cowboys owner Clint Murchison Jr.. [2] Contents 1 Personal 2 Family 3 Death 4 JFK conspiracy allegations 5 References Personal Looking for more Posh Properties stories? [1][2] A son of Clint Murchison Sr., who made his first fortune in oil exploration and became notorious for exploiting the sale of "hot oil", Clint and his surviving brother inherited their father's wealth and business interests to which Clint Jr. added ventures of his own. He s piiinchin me. He was a 21-year-old kid and pinching was a three syllable word where he came from. In the late 1950's, Clint Sr. was one of the richest Americans, right there with Edsel Ford and all of the Rockefeller boys. They slapped down $50,000 on the spot to buy the leases. Among his companies was the Southern Union Company. There was the Lays commercial preceding Michael Jacksons Heal the World spectacular: Mike Ditka and Howie Long and Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor and the rest making fun of Tom Landrys bald head to sell potato chips. His hires included Tex Schramm as general manager and Tom Landry as head coach. Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app. The result was the famous Texas Stadium hole in the roof..
News | Clint Murchison Jr. But when it came to the Dallas elite, Clint Jr.s ideas were met by scoffs, not support. Hole in the Roof takes you on a deep dive into the personality and passions of Clint Jr., while extending a more than passing hello to everyone else who was part of his world. He rarely exchanged pleasantries and ignored people he knew when he would see them on the street or in the elevator. Carving out their own reality, the 2020 Cowboys continued their reign of having the Leagues highest attendance, with Jones luring 197,313 fans to Arlington. Smith will get over 100 yards rushing, he says. He was determined to create a venue that protected fans while allowing the weather elements freedom to impact the game. And, one day, you wake up and realize you did what they told you. Back in 1966, when the NFL had two divisions, 14 teams and 560 players, we were playing Cleveland in the Cotton Bowl for the lead in the old Eastern Division. Murchison is also recognized as the father of the modern football stadium. And theyll beat Buffalos no-huddle offense by sacking Jim Kelly and causing a lot of fumbles and interceptions. Carter tells me that the week before the game. Jane Wolfe is the author of two previous biographies and one that will be published in September, 2022. Even so, Clint Jr. created a football team that compiled a record 20 consecutive winning seasons, from 1966 through 1985; appeared in five Super Bowls, winning two; and came to be known as Americas Team. Publisher Thats right. However, the family's style of loose management and easy credit based on a handshake was ill-suited to the late 1970s, when oil prices toppled and interest rates soared. Clinton Williams Murchison Jr. (September 12, 1923 March 30, 1987) was a businessman and founder of the Dallas Cowboys football team. Son of legendary Texas oil man Clint Murchison Sr., he enlisted in the Marine Corps after the attack on Pearl Harbor, earned an electrical engineering degree from Duke University and a masters in mathematics from MIT. I have tried to convince myself that if the Cowboys make him happy, then I am happy, but really I still struggle with my own memories of the team and try to reconcile them with the Cowboys of today. I was led to this book from Brian Burrough's "The Big Rich." Do your best every day. We were) finally playing to sold-out crowds after seven years of struggle. Clint Sr. became an obsessive wildcatter, riding a stunning string of luck that by 1927, when he was 32, had netted him $6 million, a fortune hed made entirely through oil. They depended on inflation to take care of things. These included the establishment of the NFL's Dallas Cowboys franchise, real estate development, construction, home building, restaurants and financing the offshore pirate radio station called Radio Nord. Among his companies was the Southern Union Company. The team last won it all in Super Bowl XXX in Tempe, Ariz., on Jan. 28, 1996, when the Cowboys beat the Pittsburgh Steelers to capture their fifth Lombardi Trophy. And so it is with the story that our book, Hole in the Roof, will expose between its front and back covers. Murchison's laissez-faire attitude has been credited by many Cowboys fans as the driving force in the team's 20 consecutive winning seasons from 19661985 (including five Super Bowl appearances and including two Super Bowl championships). With the team becoming more successful in the mid-1960s, Clint Murchison, Jr. wanted a new stadium for the team. I thought you didnt like Landry and Schramm. Carter doesnt take his eyes off the screen, which is filled with oversized behinds, shaking like wet dogs. Oil that is, black gold, Texas tea.. During their first five seasons, the Cowboys lost $3 million and failed to win more than five games a season. Lombardes Packers beat the hell out of the Kansas City Chiefs. Unable to strike a deal with city leaders to build a new stadium in downtown Dallas, Murchison selected a site in nearby Irving. And this years version of Americas team doesnt want to hear from guys like me at all. John Murchison and his brother Clint Murchison Jr. were the first owners of the Dallas Cowboys. Clint Murchison Sr. began building the family fortune selling animal skins for pennies; later with interests in oil, real estate, and publishing, he was one of the first conglomerate makers. He was named a finalist for the 2020 class of the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a contributor, however he was not elected. The station was not a financial success, and joined forces with the Caroline organization to become the southern station of Radio Caroline. Clint Murchi-son Jr. was there-he was already desperately ill. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. Yet, he was the rainmaker of his generation., The death of his mother and closest brother took its toll on Clint Jr. in other ways. Clint Murchison Jr. (left) and his brother John Murchison smiled after a 1961 meeting of the new board of directors of the multibillion-dollar Alleghany Corp. in New York. Its like that. The primary suite has its own wing, which amounts to more than 2,000 square feet. Pre-order on Amazon. Theyll kill the Bills. Her first book, "THE MURCHISONS: The Rise and Fall of a Texas Dynasty," was published in 1989. And Murchison didnt stop with the fight song. Undaunted, these rich Dallas tycoons would get drunk, make prank calls to George Preston Marshall in the middle of the night and cluck into the phone. [1][2] A son of Clint Murchison Sr., who made his first fortune in oil exploration and became notorious for exploiting the sale of "hot oil", Clint and his surviving brother inherited their father's wealth and business interests to which Clint Jr. added ventures of his own. He sat on the board of the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, which lingered in Fair Park, in the shadow of the Cotton Bowl, until 1984, when it moved to downtown Dallas as the newly christened Dallas Museum of Art. Finally, I could make out the word cowboy. Both received highly favorable reviews, including this one about "THE MURCHISONS" - "If episodes of the TV show 'Dallas' were half as interesting as this real life Texas family, ratings would never be a problem.". She has written for dozens of newspapers and magazines, including "The New York Times" and "Town & Country.". He was 63 years old. Until John Murchison died and Clint got sick and had to sell to Bum Bright. Despite politics and religious issues being banned at the station, it was stopped when the Swedish government introduced new legislation in the spring of 1962, criminalizing the act of buying commercials on the station.
wikipedia.en/Clint_Murchison_Sr..md at main chinapedia/wikipedia.en The Los Angeles coliseum was half empty, and the crowd was asked to sit opposite the press box so that TV audiences would have the impression that there were lots of people in attendance. He was also friends with longtime FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and heavily involved in national politics. The Cowboys and the Super Bowl have come a long way from that close encounter we had in 1966-67. The home has seven bedrooms, seven bathrooms and two half-bathrooms and has been renovated, boasting plenty of natural light, classic details and even some of the original wallpaper. It was the last time I saw Clint Murchison Jr. Mr. Murchison is survived by his second wife, Anne, and a daughter and three sons from his first marriage, Coke Anne Saunders, Clint Murchison 3d, Burk Murchison and Robert Murchison. From now on, you're on your own.[4]. While the arts would eventually move downtown, the Cowboys never did. He was furious. The event is free, but registration is required. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average.
Hole in the Roof: The Dallas Cowboys, Clint Murchison Jr., and the And in that respect alone, irony abounds, one of many we share in Hole in the Roof. These young kids seem to be having so much fun. The huddle turned strangely quiet for a moment. So, Carter and the Finch boys were at each other all year long, especially when the Redskins and the Cowboys met.
Joann Williams Obituary,
Articles C